| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
jueves, 30 de abril de 2020
No te pierdas el webinar 'El reinicio de la actividad': protocolos de actuación para prevenir el COVID-19 en instalaciones laborales y académicas
miércoles, 29 de abril de 2020
martes, 28 de abril de 2020
domingo, 26 de abril de 2020
Hacktivity 2018 Badge - Quick Start Guide For Beginners
You either landed on this blog post because
- you are a huge fan of Hacktivity
- you bought this badge around a year ago
- you are just interested in hacker conference badge hacking.
or maybe all of the above. Whatever the reasons, this guide should be helpful for those who never had any real-life experience with these little gadgets.
But first things first, here is a list what you need for hacking the badge:
- a computer with USB port and macOS, Linux or Windows. You can use other OS as well, but this guide covers these
- USB mini cable to connect the badge to the computer
- the Hacktivity badge from 2018
By default, this is how your badge looks like.
Let's get started
Luckily, you don't need any soldering skills for the first steps. Just connect the USB mini port to the bottom left connector on the badge, connect the other part of the USB cable to your computer, and within some seconds you will be able to see that the lights on your badge are blinking. So far so good.
Now, depending on which OS you use, you should choose your destiny here.
Linux
The best source of information about a new device being connected is
# dmesg
The tail of the output should look like
[267300.206966] usb 2-2.2: new full-speed USB device number 14 using uhci_hcd
[267300.326484] usb 2-2.2: New USB device found, idVendor=0403, idProduct=6001
[267300.326486] usb 2-2.2: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
[267300.326487] usb 2-2.2: Product: FT232R USB UART
[267300.326488] usb 2-2.2: Manufacturer: FTDI
[267300.326489] usb 2-2.2: SerialNumber: AC01U4XN
[267300.558684] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbserial_generic
[267300.558692] usbserial: USB Serial support registered for generic
[267300.639673] usbcore: registered new interface driver ftdi_sio
[267300.639684] usbserial: USB Serial support registered for FTDI USB Serial Device
[267300.639713] ftdi_sio 2-2.2:1.0: FTDI USB Serial Device converter detected
[267300.639741] usb 2-2.2: Detected FT232RL
[267300.643235] usb 2-2.2: FTDI USB Serial Device converter now attached to ttyUSB0
Dmesg is pretty kind to us, as it even notifies us that the device is now attached to ttyUSB0.
From now on, connecting to the device is exactly the same as it is in the macOS section, so please find the "Linux users, read it from here" section below.
macOS
There are multiple commands you can type into Terminal to get an idea about what you are looking at. One command is:
# ioreg -p IOUSB -w0 -l
With this command, you should get output similar to this:
+-o FT232R USB UART@14100000 <class AppleUSBDevice, id 0x100005465, registered, matched, active, busy 0 (712 ms), retain 20>
| {
| "sessionID" = 71217335583342
| "iManufacturer" = 1
| "bNumConfigurations" = 1
| "idProduct" = 24577
| "bcdDevice" = 1536
| "Bus Power Available" = 250
| "USB Address" = 2
| "bMaxPacketSize0" = 8
| "iProduct" = 2
| "iSerialNumber" = 3
| "bDeviceClass" = 0
| "Built-In" = No
| "locationID" = 336592896
| "bDeviceSubClass" = 0
| "bcdUSB" = 512
| "USB Product Name" = "FT232R USB UART"
| "PortNum" = 1
| "non-removable" = "no"
| "IOCFPlugInTypes" = {"9dc7b780-9ec0-11d4-a54f-000a27052861"="IOUSBFamily.kext/Contents/PlugIns/IOUSBLib.bundle"}
| "bDeviceProtocol" = 0
| "IOUserClientClass" = "IOUSBDeviceUserClientV2"
| "IOPowerManagement" = {"DevicePowerState"=0,"CurrentPowerState"=3,"CapabilityFlags"=65536,"MaxPowerState"=4,"DriverPowerState"=3}
| "kUSBCurrentConfiguration" = 1
| "Device Speed" = 1
| "USB Vendor Name" = "FTDI"
| "idVendor" = 1027
| "IOGeneralInterest" = "IOCommand is not serializable"
| "USB Serial Number" = "AC01U4XN"
| "IOClassNameOverride" = "IOUSBDevice"
| }
The most important information you get is the USB serial number - AC01U4XN in my case.
Another way to get this information is
Another way to get this information is
# system_profiler SPUSBDataTypewhich will give back something similar to:
FT232R USB UART:
Product ID: 0x6001
Vendor ID: 0x0403 (Future Technology Devices International Limited)
Version: 6.00
Serial Number: AC01U4XN
Speed: Up to 12 Mb/sec
Manufacturer: FTDI
Location ID: 0x14100000 / 2
Current Available (mA): 500
Current Required (mA): 90
Extra Operating Current (mA): 0
The serial number you got is the same.
What you are trying to achieve here is to connect to the device, but in order to connect to it, you have to know where the device in the /dev folder is mapped to. A quick and dirty solution is to list all devices under /dev when the device is disconnected, once when it is connected, and diff the outputs. For example, the following should do the job:
The result should be obvious, /dev/tty.usbserial-AC01U4XN is the new device in case macOS. In the case of Linux, it was /dev/ttyUSB0.
Regarding the async config parameters, the default is that 8 bits are used, there is no parity bit, and 1 stop bit is used. The short abbreviation for this is 8n1. In the next example, you will use the screen command. By default, it uses 8n1, but it is called cs8 to confuse the beginners.
If you type:
# screen /dev/tty.usbserial-AC01U4XN 9600
or
# screen /dev/ttyUSB0 9600
and wait for minutes and nothing happens, it is because the badge already tried to communicate via the USB port, but no-one was listening there. Disconnect the badge from the computer, connect again, and type the screen command above to connect. If you are quick enough you can see that the amber LED will stop blinking and your screen command is greeted with some interesting information. By quick enough I mean ˜90 seconds, as it takes the device 1.5 minutes to boot the OS and the CTF app.
You might check the end of the macOS section in case you can't see anything. Timing is everything.
What you are trying to achieve here is to connect to the device, but in order to connect to it, you have to know where the device in the /dev folder is mapped to. A quick and dirty solution is to list all devices under /dev when the device is disconnected, once when it is connected, and diff the outputs. For example, the following should do the job:
ls -lha /dev/tty* > plugged.txt
ls -lha /dev/tty* > np.txt
vimdiff plugged.txt np.txt
The result should be obvious, /dev/tty.usbserial-AC01U4XN is the new device in case macOS. In the case of Linux, it was /dev/ttyUSB0.
Linux users, read it from here. macOS users, please continue reading
Now you can use either the built-in screen command or minicom to get data out from the badge. Usually, you need three information in order to communicate with a badge. Path on /dev (you already got that), speed in baud, and the async config parameters. Either you can guess the speed or you can Google that for the specific device. Standard baud rates include 110, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14400, 19200, 38400, 57600, 115200, 128000 and 256000 bits per second. I usually found 1200, 9600 and 115200 a common choice, but that is just me.Regarding the async config parameters, the default is that 8 bits are used, there is no parity bit, and 1 stop bit is used. The short abbreviation for this is 8n1. In the next example, you will use the screen command. By default, it uses 8n1, but it is called cs8 to confuse the beginners.
If you type:
# screen /dev/tty.usbserial-AC01U4XN 9600
or
# screen /dev/ttyUSB0 9600
and wait for minutes and nothing happens, it is because the badge already tried to communicate via the USB port, but no-one was listening there. Disconnect the badge from the computer, connect again, and type the screen command above to connect. If you are quick enough you can see that the amber LED will stop blinking and your screen command is greeted with some interesting information. By quick enough I mean ˜90 seconds, as it takes the device 1.5 minutes to boot the OS and the CTF app.
Windows
When you connect the device to Windows, you will be greeted with a pop-up.
Just click on the popup and you will see the COM port number the device is connected to:
In this case, it is connected to COM3. So let's fire up our favorite putty.exe, select Serial, choose COM3, add speed 9600, and you are ready to go!
You might check the end of the macOS section in case you can't see anything. Timing is everything.
The CTF
Welcome to the Hacktivity 2018 badge challenge!
This challenge consists of several tasks with one or more levels of
difficulty. They are all connected in some way or another to HW RE
and there's no competition, the whole purpose is to learn things.
Note: we recommend turning on local echo in your terminal!
Also, feel free to ask for hints at the Hackcenter!
Choose your destiny below:
1. Visual HW debugging
2. Reverse engineering
3. RF hacking
4. Crypto protection
Enter the number of the challenge you're interested in and press [
Excellent, now you are ready to hack this! In case you are lost in controlling the screen command, go to https://linuxize.com/post/how-to-use-linux-screen/.
I will not spoil any fun in giving out the challenge solutions here. It is still your task to find solutions for these.
But here is a catch. You can get a root shell on the device. And it is pretty straightforward. Just carefully remove the Omega shield from the badge. Now you see two jumpers; by default, these are connected together as UART1. As seen below.
I will not spoil any fun in giving out the challenge solutions here. It is still your task to find solutions for these.
But here is a catch. You can get a root shell on the device. And it is pretty straightforward. Just carefully remove the Omega shield from the badge. Now you see two jumpers; by default, these are connected together as UART1. As seen below.
But what happens if you move these jumpers to UART0? Guess what, you can get a root shell! This is what I call privilege escalation on the HW level :) But first, let's connect the Omega shield back. Also, for added fun, this new interface speaks on 115200 baud, so you should change your screen parameters to 115200. Also, the new interface has a different ID under /dev, but I am sure you can figure this out from now on.
If you connect to the device during boot time, you can see a lot of exciting debug information about the device. And after it boots, you just get a root prompt. Woohoo!
But what can you do with this root access? Well, for starters, how about running
# strings hello | less
From now on, you are on your own to hack this badge. Happy hacking.
Big thanks to Attila Marosi-Bauer and Hackerspace Budapest for developing this badge and the contests.
PS: In case you want to use the radio functionality of the badge, see below how you should solder the parts to it. By default, you can process slow speed radio frequency signals on GPIO19. But for higher transfer speeds, you should wire the RF module DATA OUT pin with the RX1 free together.
Read more
sábado, 25 de abril de 2020
CEH: Identifying Services & Scanning Ports | Gathering Network And Host Information | NMAP
CEH scanning methodology is the important step i.e. scanning for open ports over a network. Port is the technique used to scan for open ports. This methodology performed for the observation of the open and close ports running on the targeted machine. Port scanning gathered a valuable information about the host and the weakness of the system more than ping sweep.
Network Mapping (NMAP)
Basically NMAP stands for Network Mapping. A free open source tool used for scanning ports, service detection, operating system detection and IP address detection of the targeted machine. Moreover, it performs a quick and efficient scanning a large number of machines in a single session to gathered information about ports and system connected to the network. It can be used over UNIX, LINUX and Windows.There are some terminologies which we should understand directly whenever we heard like Open ports, Filtered ports and Unfiltered ports.
Open Ports means the target machine accepts incoming request on that port cause these ports are used to accept packets due to the configuration of TCP and UDP.
Filtered ports means the ports are usually opened but due to firewall or network filtering the nmap doesn't detect the open ports.
Unfiltered means the nmap is unable to determine whether the port is open or filtered while the port is accessible.
Types Of NMAP Scan
| Scan Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Null Scan | This scan is performed by both an ethical hackers and black hat hackers. This scan is used to identify the TCP port whether it is open or closed. Moreover, it only works over UNIX based systems. |
| TCP connect | The attacker makes a full TCP connection to the target system. There's an opportunity to connect the specifically port which you want to connect with. SYN/ACK signal observed for open ports while RST/ACK signal observed for closed ports. |
| ACK scan | Discovering the state of firewall with the help ACK scan whether it is stateful or stateless. This scan is typically used for the detection of filtered ports if ports are filtered. Moreover, it only works over the UNIX based systems. |
| Windows scan | This type of scan is similar to the ACK scan but there is ability to detect an open ports as well filtered ports. |
| SYN stealth scan | This malicious attack is mostly performed by attacker to detect the communication ports without making full connection to the network. This is also known as half-open scanning. |
All NMAP Commands
| Commands | Scan Performed |
|---|---|
| -sT | TCP connect scan |
| -sS | SYN scan |
| -sF | FIN scan |
| -sX | XMAS tree scan |
| -sN | Null scan |
| -sP | Ping scan |
| -sU | UDP scan |
| -sO | Protocol scan |
| -sA | ACK scan |
| -sW | Window scan |
| -sR | RPC scan |
| -sL | List/DNS scan |
| -sI | Idle scan |
| -Po | Don't ping |
| -PT | TCP ping |
| -PS | SYN ping |
| -PI | ICMP ping |
| -PB | ICMP and TCP ping |
| -PB | ICMP timestamp |
| -PM | ICMP netmask |
| -oN | Normal output |
| -oX | XML output |
| -oG | Greppable output |
| -oA | All output |
| -T Paranoid | Serial scan; 300 sec between scans |
| -T Sneaky | Serial scan; 15 sec between scans |
| -T Polite | Serial scan; .4 sec between scans |
| -T Normal | Parallel scan |
| -T Aggressive | Parallel scan, 300 sec timeout, and 1.25 sec/probe |
| -T Insane | Parallel scan, 75 sec timeout, and .3 sec/probe |
How to Scan
You can perform nmap scanning over the windows command prompt followed by the syntax below. For example, If you wanna scan the host with the IP address 192.168.2.1 using a TCP connect scan type, enter this command:nmap 192.168.2.1 –sT
nmap -sT 192.168.2.1
Read more
How To Install And Run Backtrack On Android
Guide you step by step to How to install and run Backtrack on android. As the Backtrack is also available with ARM architecture which makes it possible to run Backtrack on an ARM machine such as mobiles or tablets.
Recently, We are discussed Install and Run BackTrack on Windows. Android is the best OS for penetration testing. It designed for digital forensics and penetration testing or hacking tool. It comes with many more updated tools. As the Backtrack is also available with ARM architecture which makes it possible to run Backtrack on an ARM machine such as mobiles or tablets.
How To Install and Run Backtrack On AndroidRequirements
- A Rooted Device [ Root Simple Android Phone Without Pc ]
- Backtrack ARM [ Download ]
- BusyBox [ Download ]
- Android Terminal and Android VNC
- If you are using PC then you need 7zip for extraction otherwise you can use zarchiver on your android phone. [ Download ]
Step to Install and Run Backtrack On Android:
First of all extract the BT5-GNOME-ARM.7z. and copy the "BT5" folder and then put in your phone's root directory. Here mine phone is /sdcard. The root directory is different for different mobile devices.
- Now install all the above apps Busybox, Android Terminal, Android Vnc.
- After installing BusyBox application open it and wait until it finishes loading and then click on Smart install.
- Now open the android terminal and type the following command:
su cd /sdcard/BT5sh bootbtNOTE :- When you type su in terminal it will ask you for superuser request and you have to tap on Grant. - After this, type the following commands in terminal.
export USER=rootvncpasswd - After entering vncpasswd the terminal will ask you to enter the password. Enter the desired password and hit enter.
- Now type the following commands.
tightvncserver -geometry 1280×720 - The terminal emulator will create the localhost to connect it to VNC server. Now note the localhost port marked red below. Now minimize the terminal emulator.
- Open the Android VNC and type the following settings.
Nickname : BT5
Password : your password here which you entered in terminal (step no.6)
Address : localhost
Port : 5906
Password : your password here which you entered in terminal (step no.6)
Address : localhost
Port : 5906
NOTE: Make sure that your localhost's port matches with terminal's localhost. Here mine New 'X' desktop is localhost:6. You may be different. So, in VNC type Port 590X where the "X" is the localhost in the android terminal.
That's it now just tap on connect to run the Backtrack on your android. So in this way you successfully install and run backtrack 5 on android. If you face any problem feel free to discuss in below comments!
Related news
Hacktivity 2018 Badge - Quick Start Guide For Beginners
You either landed on this blog post because
- you are a huge fan of Hacktivity
- you bought this badge around a year ago
- you are just interested in hacker conference badge hacking.
or maybe all of the above. Whatever the reasons, this guide should be helpful for those who never had any real-life experience with these little gadgets.
But first things first, here is a list what you need for hacking the badge:
- a computer with USB port and macOS, Linux or Windows. You can use other OS as well, but this guide covers these
- USB mini cable to connect the badge to the computer
- the Hacktivity badge from 2018
By default, this is how your badge looks like.
Let's get started
Luckily, you don't need any soldering skills for the first steps. Just connect the USB mini port to the bottom left connector on the badge, connect the other part of the USB cable to your computer, and within some seconds you will be able to see that the lights on your badge are blinking. So far so good.
Now, depending on which OS you use, you should choose your destiny here.
Linux
The best source of information about a new device being connected is
# dmesg
The tail of the output should look like
[267300.206966] usb 2-2.2: new full-speed USB device number 14 using uhci_hcd
[267300.326484] usb 2-2.2: New USB device found, idVendor=0403, idProduct=6001
[267300.326486] usb 2-2.2: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
[267300.326487] usb 2-2.2: Product: FT232R USB UART
[267300.326488] usb 2-2.2: Manufacturer: FTDI
[267300.326489] usb 2-2.2: SerialNumber: AC01U4XN
[267300.558684] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbserial_generic
[267300.558692] usbserial: USB Serial support registered for generic
[267300.639673] usbcore: registered new interface driver ftdi_sio
[267300.639684] usbserial: USB Serial support registered for FTDI USB Serial Device
[267300.639713] ftdi_sio 2-2.2:1.0: FTDI USB Serial Device converter detected
[267300.639741] usb 2-2.2: Detected FT232RL
[267300.643235] usb 2-2.2: FTDI USB Serial Device converter now attached to ttyUSB0
Dmesg is pretty kind to us, as it even notifies us that the device is now attached to ttyUSB0.
From now on, connecting to the device is exactly the same as it is in the macOS section, so please find the "Linux users, read it from here" section below.
macOS
There are multiple commands you can type into Terminal to get an idea about what you are looking at. One command is:
# ioreg -p IOUSB -w0 -l
With this command, you should get output similar to this:
+-o FT232R USB UART@14100000 <class AppleUSBDevice, id 0x100005465, registered, matched, active, busy 0 (712 ms), retain 20>
| {
| "sessionID" = 71217335583342
| "iManufacturer" = 1
| "bNumConfigurations" = 1
| "idProduct" = 24577
| "bcdDevice" = 1536
| "Bus Power Available" = 250
| "USB Address" = 2
| "bMaxPacketSize0" = 8
| "iProduct" = 2
| "iSerialNumber" = 3
| "bDeviceClass" = 0
| "Built-In" = No
| "locationID" = 336592896
| "bDeviceSubClass" = 0
| "bcdUSB" = 512
| "USB Product Name" = "FT232R USB UART"
| "PortNum" = 1
| "non-removable" = "no"
| "IOCFPlugInTypes" = {"9dc7b780-9ec0-11d4-a54f-000a27052861"="IOUSBFamily.kext/Contents/PlugIns/IOUSBLib.bundle"}
| "bDeviceProtocol" = 0
| "IOUserClientClass" = "IOUSBDeviceUserClientV2"
| "IOPowerManagement" = {"DevicePowerState"=0,"CurrentPowerState"=3,"CapabilityFlags"=65536,"MaxPowerState"=4,"DriverPowerState"=3}
| "kUSBCurrentConfiguration" = 1
| "Device Speed" = 1
| "USB Vendor Name" = "FTDI"
| "idVendor" = 1027
| "IOGeneralInterest" = "IOCommand is not serializable"
| "USB Serial Number" = "AC01U4XN"
| "IOClassNameOverride" = "IOUSBDevice"
| }
The most important information you get is the USB serial number - AC01U4XN in my case.
Another way to get this information is
Another way to get this information is
# system_profiler SPUSBDataTypewhich will give back something similar to:
FT232R USB UART:
Product ID: 0x6001
Vendor ID: 0x0403 (Future Technology Devices International Limited)
Version: 6.00
Serial Number: AC01U4XN
Speed: Up to 12 Mb/sec
Manufacturer: FTDI
Location ID: 0x14100000 / 2
Current Available (mA): 500
Current Required (mA): 90
Extra Operating Current (mA): 0
The serial number you got is the same.
What you are trying to achieve here is to connect to the device, but in order to connect to it, you have to know where the device in the /dev folder is mapped to. A quick and dirty solution is to list all devices under /dev when the device is disconnected, once when it is connected, and diff the outputs. For example, the following should do the job:
The result should be obvious, /dev/tty.usbserial-AC01U4XN is the new device in case macOS. In the case of Linux, it was /dev/ttyUSB0.
Regarding the async config parameters, the default is that 8 bits are used, there is no parity bit, and 1 stop bit is used. The short abbreviation for this is 8n1. In the next example, you will use the screen command. By default, it uses 8n1, but it is called cs8 to confuse the beginners.
If you type:
# screen /dev/tty.usbserial-AC01U4XN 9600
or
# screen /dev/ttyUSB0 9600
and wait for minutes and nothing happens, it is because the badge already tried to communicate via the USB port, but no-one was listening there. Disconnect the badge from the computer, connect again, and type the screen command above to connect. If you are quick enough you can see that the amber LED will stop blinking and your screen command is greeted with some interesting information. By quick enough I mean ˜90 seconds, as it takes the device 1.5 minutes to boot the OS and the CTF app.
You might check the end of the macOS section in case you can't see anything. Timing is everything.
What you are trying to achieve here is to connect to the device, but in order to connect to it, you have to know where the device in the /dev folder is mapped to. A quick and dirty solution is to list all devices under /dev when the device is disconnected, once when it is connected, and diff the outputs. For example, the following should do the job:
ls -lha /dev/tty* > plugged.txt
ls -lha /dev/tty* > np.txt
vimdiff plugged.txt np.txt
The result should be obvious, /dev/tty.usbserial-AC01U4XN is the new device in case macOS. In the case of Linux, it was /dev/ttyUSB0.
Linux users, read it from here. macOS users, please continue reading
Now you can use either the built-in screen command or minicom to get data out from the badge. Usually, you need three information in order to communicate with a badge. Path on /dev (you already got that), speed in baud, and the async config parameters. Either you can guess the speed or you can Google that for the specific device. Standard baud rates include 110, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14400, 19200, 38400, 57600, 115200, 128000 and 256000 bits per second. I usually found 1200, 9600 and 115200 a common choice, but that is just me.Regarding the async config parameters, the default is that 8 bits are used, there is no parity bit, and 1 stop bit is used. The short abbreviation for this is 8n1. In the next example, you will use the screen command. By default, it uses 8n1, but it is called cs8 to confuse the beginners.
If you type:
# screen /dev/tty.usbserial-AC01U4XN 9600
or
# screen /dev/ttyUSB0 9600
and wait for minutes and nothing happens, it is because the badge already tried to communicate via the USB port, but no-one was listening there. Disconnect the badge from the computer, connect again, and type the screen command above to connect. If you are quick enough you can see that the amber LED will stop blinking and your screen command is greeted with some interesting information. By quick enough I mean ˜90 seconds, as it takes the device 1.5 minutes to boot the OS and the CTF app.
Windows
When you connect the device to Windows, you will be greeted with a pop-up.
Just click on the popup and you will see the COM port number the device is connected to:
In this case, it is connected to COM3. So let's fire up our favorite putty.exe, select Serial, choose COM3, add speed 9600, and you are ready to go!
You might check the end of the macOS section in case you can't see anything. Timing is everything.
The CTF
Welcome to the Hacktivity 2018 badge challenge!
This challenge consists of several tasks with one or more levels of
difficulty. They are all connected in some way or another to HW RE
and there's no competition, the whole purpose is to learn things.
Note: we recommend turning on local echo in your terminal!
Also, feel free to ask for hints at the Hackcenter!
Choose your destiny below:
1. Visual HW debugging
2. Reverse engineering
3. RF hacking
4. Crypto protection
Enter the number of the challenge you're interested in and press [
Excellent, now you are ready to hack this! In case you are lost in controlling the screen command, go to https://linuxize.com/post/how-to-use-linux-screen/.
I will not spoil any fun in giving out the challenge solutions here. It is still your task to find solutions for these.
But here is a catch. You can get a root shell on the device. And it is pretty straightforward. Just carefully remove the Omega shield from the badge. Now you see two jumpers; by default, these are connected together as UART1. As seen below.
I will not spoil any fun in giving out the challenge solutions here. It is still your task to find solutions for these.
But here is a catch. You can get a root shell on the device. And it is pretty straightforward. Just carefully remove the Omega shield from the badge. Now you see two jumpers; by default, these are connected together as UART1. As seen below.
But what happens if you move these jumpers to UART0? Guess what, you can get a root shell! This is what I call privilege escalation on the HW level :) But first, let's connect the Omega shield back. Also, for added fun, this new interface speaks on 115200 baud, so you should change your screen parameters to 115200. Also, the new interface has a different ID under /dev, but I am sure you can figure this out from now on.
If you connect to the device during boot time, you can see a lot of exciting debug information about the device. And after it boots, you just get a root prompt. Woohoo!
But what can you do with this root access? Well, for starters, how about running
# strings hello | less
From now on, you are on your own to hack this badge. Happy hacking.
Big thanks to Attila Marosi-Bauer and Hackerspace Budapest for developing this badge and the contests.
PS: In case you want to use the radio functionality of the badge, see below how you should solder the parts to it. By default, you can process slow speed radio frequency signals on GPIO19. But for higher transfer speeds, you should wire the RF module DATA OUT pin with the RX1 free together.
CEH: Fundamentals Of Social Engineering
Social engineering is a nontechnical method of breaking into a system or network. It's the process of deceiving users of a system and convincing them to perform acts useful to the hacker, such as giving out information that can be used to defeat or bypass security mechanisms. Social engineering is important to understand because hackers can use it to attack the human element of a system and circumvent technical security measures. This method can be used to gather information before or during an attack.
A social engineer commonly uses the telephone or Internet to trick people into revealing sensitive information or to get them to do something that is against the security policies of the organization. By this method, social engineers exploit the natural tendency of a person to trust their word, rather than exploiting computer security holes. It's generally agreed that users are the weak link in security; this principle is what makes social engineering possible.
The most dangerous part of social engineering is that companies with authentication processes, firewalls, virtual private networks, and network monitoring software are still wide open to attacks, because social engineering doesn't assault the security measures directly. Instead, a social-engineering attack bypasses the security measures and goes after the human element in an organization.
Types of Social Engineering-Attacks
There are two types of Social Engineering attacksHuman-Based
Human-based social engineering refers to person-to-person interaction to retrieve the desired information. An example is calling the help desk and trying to find out a password.Computer-Based
Computer-based social engineering refers to having computer software that attempts to retrieve the desired information. An example is sending a user an email and asking them to reenter a password in a web page to confirm it. This social-engineering attack is also known as phishing.Human-Based Social Engineering
Human-Based further categorized as follow:Impersonating an Employee or Valid User
In this type of social-engineering attack, the hacker pretends to be an employee or valid user on the system. A hacker can gain physical access by pretending to be a janitor, employee, or contractor. Once inside the facility, the hacker gathers information from trashcans, desktops, or computer systems.Posing as an Important User
In this type of attack, the hacker pretends to be an important user such as an executive or high-level manager who needs immediate assistance to gain access to a computer system or files. The hacker uses intimidation so that a lower-level employee such as a help desk worker will assist them in gaining access to the system. Most low-level employees won't question someone who appears to be in a position of authority.Using a Third Person
Using the third-person approach, a hacker pretends to have permission from an authorized source to use a system. This attack is especially effective if the supposed authorized source is on vacation or can't be contacted for verification.Calling Technical Support
Calling tech support for assistance is a classic social-engineering technique. Help desk and technical support personnel are trained to help users, which makes them good prey for social-engineering attacks.Shoulder Surfing
Shoulder surfing is a technique of gathering passwords by watching over a person's shoulder while they log in to the system. A hacker can watch a valid user log in and then use that password to gain access to the system.Dumpster Diving
Dumpster diving involves looking in the trash for information written on pieces of paper or computer printouts. The hacker can often find passwords, filenames, or other pieces of confidential information.Computer-Based Social Engineering
Computer-based social-engineering attacks can include the following:- Email attachments
- Fake websites
- Pop-up windows
Insider Attacks
If a hacker can't find any other way to hack an organization, the next best option is to infiltrate the organization by getting hired as an employee or finding a disgruntled employee to assist in the attack. Insider attacks can be powerful because employees have physical access and are able to move freely about the organization. An example might be someone posing as a delivery person by wearing a uniform and gaining access to a delivery room or loading dock. Another possibility is someone posing as a member of the cleaning crew who has access to the inside of the building and is usually able to move about the offices. As a last resort, a hacker might bribe or otherwise coerce an employee to participate in the attack by providing information such as passwords.Identity Theft
A hacker can pose as an employee or steal the employee's identity to perpetrate an attack. Information gathered in dumpster diving or shoulder surfing in combination with creating fake ID badges can gain the hacker entry into an organization. Creating a persona that can enter the building unchallenged is the goal of identity theft.Phishing Attacks
Phishing involves sending an email, usually posing as a bank, credit card company, or other financial organization. The email requests that the recipient confirm banking information or reset passwords or PINs. The user clicks the link in the email and is redirected to a fake website. The hacker is then able to capture this information and use it for financial gain or to perpetrate other attacks. Emails that claim the senders have a great amount of money but need your help getting it out of the country are examples of phishing attacks. These attacks prey on the common person and are aimed at getting them to provide bank account access codes or other confidential information to the hacker.Online Scams
Some websites that make free offers or other special deals can lure a victim to enter a username and password that may be the same as those they use to access their work system.The hacker can use this valid username and password once the user enters the information in the website form. Mail attachments can be used to send malicious code to a victim's system, which could automatically execute something like a software keylogger to capture passwords. Viruses, Trojans, and worms can be included in cleverly crafted emails to entice a victim to open the attachment. Mail attachments are considered a computer-based social-engineering attack.
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5 Free Online Courses To Learn Artificial Intelligence
We are living in the era of fourth industrial revolution(4IR), where Artificial intelligence has a significant role to play. This 4IR technology embedded within societies and even into the human body. From Computer enthusiasts to common people, everyone should be aware and learn this breakthrough technology.
We think about gigantic Robots from Transformers when we hear about Artificial Intelligence(AI) which is a fiction in the past but a fact today, capable of transforming the whole tech world. The field of AI consists of more than Robots such as personal assistants, self-driving cars, apprenticeship learning, behavior cloning and so on. To learn about this advanced technology, thanks to the online learning resources which offers great content to get started with artificial intelligence.
Here are the 5 free e-learning courses on Artificial Intelligence
1. UC Berkeley CS188 Intro to AI
Get started with UC Berkeley AI course, this course is absolutely for beginners who are unaware of Artificial intelligence. It doesn't need any prior computer knowledge to know about AI. UC Berkeley allows anyone to learn this course for free. This course is systematically presented and consists of the following:
- Course Schedule
- Complete sets of Lecture Slides and Videos
- Interface for Electronic Homework Assignments
- Section Handouts
- Specs for the Pacman Projects
- Source files and PDFs of past Berkeley CS188 exams
- Form to apply for edX hosted autograders for homework and projects (and more)
- Contact information
Aside from this, you can also browse the following courses as well from UC Berkeley that are part of AI course:
- Machine Learning: CS189, Stat154
- Intro to Data Science: CS194-16
- Probability: EE126, Stat134
- Optimization: EE127
- Cognitive Modeling: CogSci131
- Machine Learning Theory: CS281A, CS281B
- Vision: CS280
- Robotics: CS287
- Natural Language Processing: CS288
2. Artificial Intelligence: Principles and Techniques
This course is offered by Stanford with great content that includes topics, videos, assignments, projects, and exams. The whole course mainly focuses on the complex real-world problems and try to find similarity between web search, speech recognition, face recognition, machine translation, autonomous driving, and automatic scheduling. Here you will learn the foundational principles of AI and implement some the AI systems. The goal of this course is to help you tackle the real-world situations with the help of AI tools. So, it is the best for the beginner to get started with AI.
3. Learn with GOOGLE AI
Who will dislike the course from Google? absolutely no one. This company is one of the early adopters of AI has a lot to offer to learners. Learn with Google AI is an education platform for people at all experience levels, it is free to access and browse content. The education resources provided by Google is from the machine learning experts of the company. These resources are the collections of lessons, tutorials, and Hands-on exercises that help you start learning, building, and problem-solving.
4. MIT 6.S094: Deep Learning for Self-Driving Cars
This course gives the practical overview of Deep Learning and AI. It is the course for beginners, also for the people who are getting started with Machine Learning. The course also offers a lot of benefits to the experienced and advanced researchers in the field deep learning. This MIT's course takes people into the journey of Deep Learning with the applied theme of building Self-Driving cars. However, the course also offers slides and videos to engage the learners.
5. Fundamentals of Deep Learning for Computer Vision
This course is offered by Nvidia and Nvidia Deep learning Institute. Computer Vision is one of the disciplines of AI that acquire, analyze, process, and understand images. The course is completely free and everyone who is enthusiast about AI can access and learn the course. It is a hands-on course that able to provide basics of deep learning and deployment of neural networks. With this. you will also learn the following:
- Identify the ingredients required to start a Deep Learning project.
- Train a deep neural network to correctly classify images it has never seen before.
- Deploy deep neural networks into applications.
- Identify techniques for improving the performance of deep learning applications.
- Assess the types of problems that are candidates for deep learning.
- Modify neural networks to change their behavior.
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